In 1973 the first fully enclosed autorack railroad cars were designed by competing manufacturers to address the problem of increasing vandalism to new automobiles in transit. The first production fully enclosed autorack railroad cars were delivered in late 1974 and early 1975. The Whitehead & Kales company design, named Safe-Pak, were delivered to the ATSF, SBD, CSXT Patch, UP/WP, UP, WP, NW, SCL, FEC, and CPAA. The Safe-Pak autorack cars were in service on US and Canadian railroads until the late 1990s.